Theories don't "become" laws. Scientific theories and scientific laws are fundamentally different things. Laws are things like the three laws of thermodynamics, or Newton's three laws of motion -- specific principles that can easily be summarized in a few words or in a mathematical formula. "Species evolve over generations" (or variations thereof) is much too general to be a scientific law, no matter how "proven" it may be.
Also, laws are in fact often proven wrong (though, I imagine, rarely completely wrong). For example, it turned out that Newton's universal law of gravitation applies only in weak gravitational fields; it wasn't until Einstein's theory of general relativity that a more consistent model was discovered.
That is true. But those "laws" were at some point only theories to scientists when they were first conceived. This didn't make these laws any less true, it just meant scientists needed to spend some time working on a model that better explained what was already at work in the universe.
Finally, ask any scientist (especially one in the field of biology, geology, etc.) that if we "know beyond a doubt that evolution exists", and they will say "yes".
Evolution is hard, solid fact. The details of it are not always clear, but the essential processes of it are indisputable in the scientific community, and there is a good reason for that.
Also, I ask that you not confuse "theory" and "hypothesis". If you say "X is only a theory" then you are not using the word "theory" in its scientific sense, which causes needless confusion.
It's well known that Darwin developed the theory of evolution after observing the apparent effects of speciation in finches in the Galapagos islands. It seems pretty clear to me that Darwin did go from observation to hypothesis.
The reason Evolution remain indisputable in the scientific community is due to a number of reasons. The main one is that it doesn't pull from outside of science for verification, therefore allowing scientists to "shield" science from the influences of historical events (which is fine in medical research, but not in historical research). Intelligent Design encompasses more fields than just science, needing parts of history to help confirm it. So therefore it's not "pure science". Simply because something isn't science doesn't mean it's not truth. It just means it's not science. (There is no scientific evidence of WWII, yet we
know it's existence in history to be true.)
Another reason is because any evolutionist who finds fossils seem to also be confirming other theories are immediately
expelled from the scientific community.
I believe there are some forms of Evolution that are hard, solid facts. Microevolution is the one that has been tests and observed better than Macroevolution, since we can see that from day to day, and therefore making it more scientifically valid that Macroeveolution.
Macroevolution is the elements take from Microevolution taken to extremes. Instead of just slight changes happening with in a species, like microevolution, you have spiecies changing into entirely different species. Whereas the idea is
not scientifically
invalid, it has been nearly impossible to test this theory though the observation of animals. Only fossils, which by their nature contain very little data anyway, can one theorize macroevolution. And since fossils contain so little data, the theory has always remained "unclear".
But Intelligent Design isn't on anything near an equal footing with evolution from a scientific standpoint, because it's fundamentally not science. And although you've said "[science] can't stand alone as the be-all-end-all of history", you've yet to explain what could possibly do a better job than the scientific method. (More on this later.)
First off: what fossils appear to confirm the intelligent design hypothesis (I refuse to call it a "theory")?
But, anyway, evolutionary theory doesn't hinge on one or two fossils. There is a vast number of fossils out there and I doubt any of them do much to make evidence against evolution. Many do make evidence for evolution, of course. Moreover, it's not really particular fossils that make the case for evolution, but rather the combination of all the fossils that we have.
Intelligent Design "theory/hypothesis" is considerably young compared to Evolution. So it has been called both a theory and a hypothesis.
The fossil record has very little data or information within terms of what actually happened in the past. It's like trying to reconstruct what a house might have looked like when you only have a few broken planks of wood and some fragments of shattered glass to work with. You're not even sure if it was a house. It might have been a bridge. It might have even been remains from a really bad vehicle accident, and the vehicle was carrying some wood. You just don't know given what you have to work with.
As a result, there are several elements of the fossil record that seem to "confirm" Evolution, and others that seem to "confirm" Intelligent Design.
Some Intelligent Design models (there are many models right now) contain an idea of a Young Earth. The fact that the rock layers are smooth and don't show any disturbance of intact plant growth seems to "confirm" that the rock layers were laid and fossilize rather quickly (some models even withing minutes), giving absolutely no time for plant growth to disturb the rock layers. Therefore, the undisturbed, smooth rock layers we see in the fossil record seem to "confirm" that model in Young Earth Intelligent Design.
Evolutionists do the same thing with seem to be fossilized "missing links". They found a fossilized jaw bone fragment of an animal they've since called Ramapithecus. From the small fragment of bone, it seemed to be mammalian. And from the teeth sockets (there were no teeth within the jaw bone) it appeared that it had small teeth. So the scientists theorized that it couldn't use it's teeth as a defensive weapon. So it must have had to hold it's defensive weapons with its hands. So it probably couldn't walk with it's hands. So it might have walked upright. So it obviously must be the "missing link" between ape-like creatures and humans. Therefore this fossil seems to "confirm" Evolution.
In the case of evolution, I don't think you're going to find anything better. The only reason why history and archaelogy are (arguably!) not science is that there is often no means of experimentation, no means of forming hypotheses and testing them, etc.... but with evolution, there is. Heck, microevolution has been demonstrated in laboratories, and macroevolution is the logical result of microevolution. You can't have one without the other.
That is true. But like I said earlier, not
all truth comes from science. And since some scientific theories are constantly changing, not all science can be called truth. It used to be "true" that dinosaurs were dumb animals and so big that some had to remain submerged in water to keep their legs from breaking or suffocating their lungs under the pressure of their own weight. Now it's "true" that most dinosaurs were intelligent, hot-blooded animals with the strength to hold both the weight of themselves and the weight of other animals.
Our
knowledge of science increases as we learn more about it, and there's a great deal about science we
know to be
true. But because of some theories constantly changing, those theories cannot be considered "truth", since scientific truth cannot changed, but only become better understood through research.
And I personally don't see it wrong to incorporate science with things like history and archeology. History and archeology can't be tested like science, but they can be allowed to be compared and contrasted time to time. But that's just my opinion.